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In some cases, oral antibiotics may be given for skin infections. Minor skin infections are usually treated with an antibiotic ointment such as a nonprescription triple-antibiotic mixture. The laboratory establishes the diagnosis and performs special tests to determine which antibiotics are effective against the bacteria. More serious staphylococcal infections such as infection of the bloodstream, pneumonia, and endocarditis require culturing of samples of blood or infected fluids. In cases of minor skin infections, Staphylococcal infections are usually diagnosed by their appearance without the need for laboratory testing. Toxic shock syndrome was originally described and still occurs especially in menstruating women using tampons. There may be a rash resembling sunburn, with peeling of skin. Toxic shock syndrome is characterized by the sudden onset of high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle aches, followed by low blood pressure (hypotension), which can lead to shock and death. Toxic shock syndrome is an illness caused by toxins secreted by Staph aureus bacteria growing under conditions in which there is little or no oxygen. Patients with this illness are not contagious, since toxins are not transmitted from one person to another.
The illness usually lasts for one to three days and resolves on its own. Symptoms usually develop within one to six hours after eating contaminated food. It is caused by eating foods contaminated with toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcal food poisoning is an illness of the bowels that causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Staphylococcal sepsis (widespread infection of the bloodstream) is a leading cause of shock and circulatory collapse, leading to death, in people with severe burns over large areas of the body. Spread of Staphylococci to the bones can result in severe inflammation of the bones known as osteomyelitis. Infection of the heart valves (endocarditis) can lead to heart failure. Staphylococcal pneumonia predominantly affects people with underlying lung disease and can lead to abscess formation within the lungs. When the bacteria enter the bloodstream and spread to other organs, a number of serious infections can occur. Staphylococcal breast abscesses can release bacteria into the mother’s milk. In breastfeeding women, Staph can result in mastitis (inflammation of the breast) or in abscess of the breast. In rare cases, a serious complication known as scalded skin syndrome (see below) can develop. Staph infections of the skin can progress to impetigo (a crusting of the skin) or cellulitis (inflammation of the connective tissue under the skin, leading to swelling and redness of the area). What types of diseases are caused by Staph? The affected area may be red, swollen, and painful. Staphylococcal disease of the skin usually results in a localized collection of pus, known as an abscess, boil, or furuncle. What are the symptoms and signs of a Staph infection? Injecting drug users, those with skin injuries or disorders, intravenous catheters, surgical incisions, and those with a weakened immune system all have an increased risk of developing Staph infections. However, damage to the skin or other injury may allow the bacteria to overcome the natural protective mechanisms of the body, leading to infection.Īnyone can develop a Staph infection, although certain groups of people are at greater risk, including newborn infants, breastfeeding women, and people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, and lung disease. In the majority of cases, the bacteria do not cause disease. Staphylococci can be found normally in the nose and on the skin (and less commonly in other locations) of 20%-30% of healthy adults.
Over 30 different types of Staphylococci can infect humans, but most infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus. (In technical terms, these are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, usually unencapsulated cocci.) The name “Staphylococcus” comes from the Greek staphyle meaning a bunch of grapes and kokkos meaning berry, and that is what Staph look like under the microscope, like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. Staph-related illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and potentially fatal. Staph bacteria can cause illness not only directly by infection (such as in the skin), but also indirectly by producing toxins responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Staphylococcus is group of bacteria, familiarly known as Staph (pronounced “staff”), that can cause a multitude of diseases as a result of infection of various tissues of the body. Here are the basics if anyone is interested in reading: And to those who are far superior, give the kids a break.